A little bit of garden legal history

Walking through Pembridge Square feels like walking through a glamorous home, with each room revealing hidden delights at every turn.

Gravel paths, sometimes edged with rhododendron and bergenia, link the rooms which can change from a woodland scene, where bluebells bloom in spring and the grass is left to grow
long, followed by poppies. Ropes are used to good effect to fence off areas for wildlife preservation, whilst elsewhere a winning combination of hostas and yellow acers catches the eye, before a lawn and a classical long herbaceous border beckons. A maze, children's play area and a rose garden complete the suite of little rooms.

But, getting down to the basics, how is all this beauty managed and paid for? For a full understanding we have to go back over a hundred years to 1851 and 1863, in the reign of Queen Victoria. In 1851 the Kensington Improvement Act was passed, followed in 1863 by the Town Gardens Protection Act.

The Kensington Improvement Act was a response to complaints from local residents. They ring many bells today - perennially familiar concerns about inadequate maintenance of footpaths and lighting. Taken together, both acts enabled residents of garden squares, such as Pembridge Square, to establish a committee to manage the garden, and agree annually the cost of maintaining it. The Council would then be required to collect the garden levy, alongside the rates - a system which has continued in Kensington to this day.

In the present day, with changing home ownership and houses in London being bought for investment purposes and sometimes left to stand empty, problems could arise with the upkeep of garden squares; but in Kensington the aforementioned acts safeguard the garden income and the Council enforces its collection, even if a property lies empty. Interestingly however, Pembridge Square, although in the borough of Kensington and Chelsea, is bordered by houses in two different boroughs, Kensington & Chelsea, and Westminster. Those houses based in Westminster have to be billed individually rather than the garden charge being collected through the rates. All very complicated.

Pembridge Square was built between 1856 and 1864 on the Hall-Radford Estate and was completed in 1865. Its beauty has recently been recognised and it has received awards for the best garden in North Kensington and best large private garden square. The gardener, Robert Player, and the managing agents, Westbourne Estates, can be justly proud.

In the eastern end of the square, the wildlife plantings predominate and the garden moves across to become a formal rose garden in the west. In between, a hornbeam maze was planted three years ago, using some of the hornbeam that used to line the refurbished, post-war railings. The maze is nearly fully grown and branches seeking to escape its straight lines were awaiting a cut when I visited. Holly has replaced the hornbeam along the railings in places. Tree ferns as well as red or golden acers give height in the plantings, and there are plenty of benches and summer houses where you can stop and admire the flowers as you journey across the square.

The garden provides for its local community in many ways - as a playground for schoolchildren, outdoor table tennis and Christmas carol singing, to name a few activities. 2014 was its first year of opening for the Open Garden Squares Weekend for some time and we hope it will become an annual event, enabling those passers-by I saw peering longingly through the railings to have a brief annual taste of the joys of this classic London garden square.

Further information on visiting Pembridge Square on Open Garden Squares Weekend »

Flair and Diversification

Zander Court Community Garden is based in a small community building amidst a sizeable 1970s brick-built estate on the Tower Hamlets/Hackney border.  Zander is a fish and all the estates around have a fishy name - literally they include Mullet, Grayling, Lampern, Elver and Zander - most of which are river fish and not varieties you find very often in local fishmongers.  The Garden Club punches well above its weight though and has diversified its operations across the local landscape to include estate gardens, the nearby secondary school and church.

The Club House, which is the hub of operations, was part of the original design of the estate and since 2005 the residents have run a Gardening Club, which is helped and supported by their landlord, Tower Hamlets Community Housing. A few years after setting up, they used the fish theme to secure funding from Hugh Fernley Whittingstall to grow herbs which complement fish.  So within their little perimeter garden they started to grow sweet cicely, a lovage, bay, rosemary, thyme, tarragon, summer savory, chives and dill, alongside a variety of scented shrubs, roses and flowers, so that local residents could pick sprigs of scent through the railings as they passed by all year round.  In January Sarcococca confusa bowls people over with the pungency of its small, white flowers and in June there's this rose (see right), white, pink-edged Jasmine and Rosemary.  Into a very small space there are planters, decorated with stencils, which volunteers from Barclays Bank helped to build. The planters are also on the roof and a variety of veg and herbs from different countries fill them up - Bengali squash was sourced from the nearby Spitalfields City Farm and there is mint, thyme, garlic chives, beetroot, tomatoes, runner beans, lettuce, leeks and potatoes  and Nagar chillies all crammed in too. There are also planters on the roof with alpines, grasses and sedums.

In the middle of Elver Gardens the community group has been working on a wildlife-friendly garden.

The residents voted for a garden which they could look down and across to from their flats, and Sisyrinchium, Nepeta, Echinacea, Crocosmia and Feverfew have been planted alongside a wildflower mix of annuals, around winding, narrow paths, which, with crab-apple trees, creates a quasi-ornamental wildlife space which is very pleasing on the eye.  At night-time sprinklers come on - the new, programmable, irrigation system courtesy of Lloyds Banking Group, and it's much needed as the garden sits in only eighteen inches of soil. 

Test beds have been marked out in the churchyard garden

A violet, Victorian rose looks down on proceedings

Imagine the Garden behind the Walls

You'll have to imagine what the garden inside Holloway Women's Prison looks like, as photos, and indeed the carrying of cameras or mobiles, are strictly prohibited.  I was one of the lucky twelve who saw behind the forbidding exterior this year when Holloway Prison again opened its doors for Open Garden Squares weekend - and I had waited two years for this chance.

I wasn't disappointed - the wait was well worth it and I'd encourage you to book early for 2015 to be in with a chance.  The garden is managed by the fabulous Chris Stewart, who is very ably assisted by Mr Mac.  Chris has been a stalwart for Open Garden Squares, opening the garden and even accommodating extra visitors in past years, when other London prisons have had to withdraw their visits.  Chris and Mr Mac are both retiring later this year, so this blog is dedicated to them and their commitment over the past 30 and 20 years respectively to the garden, the wildlife and their girls inside.

After the clang of the gate as you enter the prison, you can't help but notice the cheering, bright colours of the bedding plants and a reproduction of a Monet painting of a field of poppies in the first courtyard you enter.  On from there it is amazing how far the prison grounds extend - as one visitor remarked, "It's like one big council estate".  You walk through different courtyards, with the central one a riot of clashing colours of  summer bedding plants.  Pink and red geraniums nestle up to one another in regimented ranks.  Geraniums, marigolds, alyssum and cineraria predominate. The plants are all grown at a prison in Brighton and Holloway has to take pot luck with the colours that arrive.  This is all to change in the future, when two new polytunnels are constructed, which should enable Holloway to grow its own plants from seed and, hopefully, give more inmates the chance to garden.  There are also plans for a small wildlife meadow.

At present, out of approximately 550 inmates, there are only 16 gardeners.  Prisoners have to earn the privilege by showing good behaviour, and Chris is proud of the progress many of the women in her care make.  "Give me a good bad girl", she says, "and it's clear she loves her job, and the gardeners love her."  A stray cat, called Sky, follows us around, past an enormous London plane tree.  The facilities for the women prisoners are impressive - a swimming pool and two gyms, and specialist units for detox and mental health.   Multicultural and multi-faith support is emphasised - even a pagan priestess visits from time to time.

There's a hill inside the grounds where over 20 chickens run free.  Known as the Holloway Hens, they are ex-battery chicks who, ironically, have been freed and get a good end to their days on earth here in the prison.  They give the gardeners fried-egg sandwich treats too, and are much loved and prized. 

Mr Mac looks after the tool shed for the gardeners -  its order and precision is astounding; but, as you can imagine, you have to keep a careful watch on the tools handed out to prisoners.  Mr Mac uses a token system for every spade and fork issued and knows exactly which prisoner has which tool at any given time.  The need for security in everything is paramount, and we get a chilling taste of prison life when Chris slams a cell door shut and shows us for a moment what it feels like to be locked up. This visit gives you a  great glimpse of the world inside prison as well as the gardens.

This was the last tour Chris and Mr Mac will do for Open Garden Squares Weekend - we wish them a happy retirement and trust that their legacy will live on in the future and even more women will experience the joy of gardening and the chance to learn new skills to equip them for their future lives on the other side.

Walking on Hallowed Ground

There's a very famous and cherished green field in Islington, which was transformed into a modern garden by Christopher Bradley-Hole in 2010.  Yes, you guessed it: it's the former football pitch of Arsenal Football Club at the old Highbury Stadium.   Football was played here for just under a hundred years from 1913 to 2006, when the club said a fond farewell to Highbury and moved up the road and across the tracks to the new Emirates Stadium.   Thierry Henry, Dennis Bergkamp, Tony Adams, Charlie George and countless others played their best football on the beloved Highbury pitch, and although the stadium's buildings were redeveloped into luxury flats, the pitch area was reserved for a garden.

The ashes of many fans lay under the grass and local people yearned for access to the new garden.  So, the garden was enclosed on one side by a Perspex wall, allowing a tantalising glimpse inside, a modern take on the iron railings of traditional London squares.   

 

Inside, now that the garden is to be opened for the first time to the public as part of this year's Open Garden Squares Weekend, a sense of peace and tranquillity greets visitors, rather than the roar of football fans. The former pitch was retained as the centrepiece of the new development and converted into a two-acre garden square. The minimalist, modern garden comprises evergreen hedges of yew, hornbeam and some box, immaculate green lawns and grasses intersected by glass walls with integrated lighting, water and bubbles features.  There's a row of bamboo and also some birch trees. Along the side there are banks of red roses, with some red tulips breaking into the green earlier in the year. The garden retains the same dimensions as the old pitch, with stone paths reflecting its original chalk lines.  Walking the hallowed grounds along the lines of the pitch and goals is encouraged by its design.

 

Viewing and stepping out into the garden is an experience in itself.  The viewing room has been created from the former Arsenal boardroom (minus its oak panels, which are now in the new Emirates stadium).  A full panoply of the garden beams out from behind the windows of the viewing room and descending from it to the garden you can imagine yourself as an Arsenal player of old as you go through a tunnel onto the pitch, sorry the garden.

The garden has been maintained by Mark Walker Ltd since 2012 and Pembertons Property Management.   Mark has had his work cut out as the garden is built over a 450-space underground car park, the soil is only 18 inches deep and there is no integrated sprinkling system.  Keeping mature yew and hornbeam hedges happy in these conditions has its challenges.   Mark has faithfully sought to keep to the original design, clipping back ivy from the planters to retain clean lines and replacing yew hedges after dry summers.  A beautifully peaceful memorial garden exists where relatives and friends can pay their respects to loved ones whose ashes are here.

The grasses should be singing in June when the garden opens. Arsenal have now won the FA Cup, their first trophy since leaving Highbury.  Due to its popularity, tickets for visiting the garden have been allocated by ballot, with everyone buying a ticket before 29 May 2014 eligible for the draw.  Enjoy the visit, lucky winners, and look out for the next chance to walk the hallowed grounds in 2015.

A Roof with a View

Situated on the north bank of the Thames, with possibly one of the best views of the Shard in London, the Nomura building in Angel Lane is a modest edifice in comparison with the giant skyscrapers springing up around it.

Modest on the outside maybe; but once inside the offices of the Japanese Investment Bank, Nomura International PLC, its secrets are revealed.  Hidden away amongst the many offices is the home of three incredible switchboard operators, Eileen Arrowsmith, Linda Monehen and Tessa Palmer, who had the good fortune and goodwill of excellent employers to be allowed to create a vegetable garden on the roof.  They garden in their lunchtimes, snacking on fresh salad leaves and peas, and storing their jellies, gardening gloves and bags of compost under their desks. They even bring in precious seedlings on the train and underground from home.

Their kitchen garden on the sixth-floor roof is a little shy of a standard 10-pole allotment plot, but is intensively farmed with 25-plus varieties of vegetables.  It sits alongside a minimalist, modern garden layout of immaculate rectangles of lawn, box hedging and grasses, alongside ferns, hellebores, aquilegia, gaura and lavender plants, beautifully maintained by Tony and Matt of ISS Facilities Landscaping. Everywhere there are seats and tables for Nomura employees to enjoy the views and and eat al fresco.  There’s also a special bin for composting the many banana skins afterwards.   

 

The array of vegetables grown up here is extensive: three types of beetroot, turnips and tomatoes, garlic, Japanese onions, cucamelons, garlic, beans, chard, squash and parsnips, to name but a few.  The chef from the Nomura kitchens has first pick of the produce for client dining, and the rest of the harvest is sold to staff from a trolley every Thursday, with any proceeds going to charity.  

There aren’t many birds to eat the fruits of the garden six floors up – a hawk is brought in every week to deter seagulls; but lots of bugs and slugs and snails somehow make the journey up successfully, so Eileen stores nematodes in her office fridge as an organic way of preventing them eating the fruits of their labour.  They have installed a bug hotel and a ladybird climbs across my knee as I sit chatting to them in the sunshine, whilst white butterflies flit by.  

The vegetable garden has become quite a talking point, having been spotted from other rooftops and having now won the Masters’ Trophy in the Flowers in the City competition.  The gardeners went proudly to Mansion House to collect their award from the Lady Mayoress of the City of London.   

In fact the commitment to all things green has now permeated throughout the Nomura building.  On the highest floor there is a sedum roof and a bee hive.  More planters are being built by a social enterprise company in the East End from old pallets to increase the amount of bee-friendly flowers.  Water from the roof is used as grey water for toilets, and part of the office building has been designed to be environmentally friendly, dispensing with air conditioning and using that old-fashioned method of opening windows for ventilation.  All this commitment has won the company the Sustainable City Award for its outstanding contribution to enhancing air quality, for which Terry Jones, the Facilities Manager, and David Crawley have played their part.  

As well as the Shard across the river, there are views of the Gherkin, the Cheese Grater and the Walkie Talkie skyscrapers.  Even amidst all the new build, St Paul’s cathedral remains silhouetted from one angle. Workers at Nomura will open this garden to the public for the very first time on the Open Garden Squares Weekend on June 14th and June 15^th 2014.  Don’t miss eating strawberries and cream and cucumber sandwiches, and sipping non-alcoholic Pimms in this unique location in the City of London.  But, most of all, come to admire what enterprising, green-fingered, employees can achieve in their lunch hours and spare time – it is truly inspirational. 

Cartoon courtesy of Justin Monehen

Further information on visiting the Nomura Roof Garden on Open Garden Squares Weekend »

Reaching for the Skies

I had come to see a rare phenomenon – a roof garden in a secondary school – and was bowled away on arrival by the flowers and plants which adorned the main corridor – the colours as bright and diverse as the flags which fluttered above.

Fewer than 9% of the schools nationally involved in the RHS Campaign for School Gardening are secondary schools. It seems that gardening in primary schools has captured the imagination – indeed there are plenty of them opening their doors for Open Garden Squares Weekend on June 14th and 15th, but secondary schools lag behind them significantly. Maybe the constraints of the national curriculum are taking their toll on horticulture in schools, but Oaklands School, in the heart of Tower Hamlets, is leading the way and showing that gardening and horticulture skills can be successfully incorporated into a school’s learning objectives, alongside the massive benefits which having a garden brings. Even Ofsted inspectors agree. Students have produced their own flowers, fruit and vegetables, applied what they have learnt to other subjects, such as food technology, design, science, art and ICT, and broadened the skills learned in the process into other work-related skills, such as events management, marketing and enterprise.

The whole school got involved in this roof garden project – including the Head of PE rushing out to find a good source of light polystyrene from Billingsgate market for use as drainage in the raised beds, and the discovery that the best window sills in the school for germinating seeds were in the Food Technology Department. 70% of students at Oaklands don’t have a garden at home. But an after-school gardening club has now been established and there were two keen, stalwart, student gardeners, Nicholas and Jason, and the Assistant Head, Janis Fuller, there to meet me and show me around after school had ended for the day. A year ago, the garden they and their fellow Year 7 pupils created on the new roof of the school’s extension building opened for the first time for the Open Garden Squares Weekend. They worked against time and with no formal funding to get the garden ready.

As in all good gardens, there had to be gardeners behind the scenes to champion such a venture and keep it on track. In this case they were a community gardener, Catherine Tidnam, Brian Gaffney, the Head of Year 7, and the designer, Julia Minnear from the Women’s Environmental Network. The children and the garden will grow together and they aim to document, over the school life of the Year 7 students, their growth and development, as well as that of the garden. The Zander Court Community Garden Club helped throughout, and Kiri Tunks turned the activities into learning competencies, with the support of all the staff involved.

Before any seeds were sown, the students conducted some pretty impressive research, including visiting a supermarket growing food for sale on its roof, and the famous Kensington Roof Garden. An international expert on roof gardens (Karla Dakin), who was in London to talk at the Garden Museum, was persuaded to come and visit and trees were donated by other international partners. Sourcing of products was kept local wherever possible; so the compost came from the Tower Hamlets Cemetery, builder’s merchants donated scaffold planks and wood came from the Leeside Wood Recycling Centre. Corporate volunteers from BUPA helped them turn the wood into vegetable planters. Now these planters are an innovative and striking home to herbs and vegetables – with bright stencils on the sides of the tubs and white wooden rabbits providing a quirky and amusing backdrop behind the fences and mesh surrounding the garden.

Herbs now tumble out of a disused filing cabinet – perhaps a symbol of planting and growth taking pride of place over paperwork.

The garden is open to its school community all year round, but the school chose to open it last year at the Open Garden Squares Weekend. This year the plants will be more mature and we hope that the wider community in London will enjoy it again. Last year there were over 300 visitors who relished delicious quiches and strawberry crush smoothies made from the garden produce, admired the vegetable garden, and sat in the quiet contemplation garden which adjoins it.

Further information on visiting Oaklands School Roof Garden »

Beneath the Flight Path

Open Garden Squares Weekend’s partner, the National Trust, includes some beautiful and well-known places in London, such as Ham House; but a less frequented gem lies under London’s main flight path – Osterley House Gardens. Standing by the entrance, I looked up and was fascinated by the sight of aeroplanes dutifully stacked and waiting their turn for the descent to Heathrow. This is a plane spotter’s paradise, as well as a gardener’s delight.

Thankfully the noise of the turbines is indistinct and distant and soon you forget them entirely and become absorbed in the delights of the new gardens which await you. These gardens were only started eight years ago when the Head Gardener, Andy Eddy, took up his role. At the time not a snowdrop was to be found in the old park, but now they nodded cheerfully in abundance under the trees. Andy Eddy came to Osterley with impressive gardening credentials, having trained and honed his gardening talents at Kew and Sissinghurst - and it shows. 



Starting at the house, there is a typical Georgian garden, created by the 18th-century banker family, Robert and Sarah Child, consisting of a long walk around a large meadow. Otherwise known as the 'smug walk', it has stunning views back to the house, hidden every now and then by copses to enhance the effect of the sight of the house from across a countrified and bucolic meadow. In late spring the long walk, which extends for a mile, is carpeted with bluebells. Bankers then, and now, needed something on which to spend their wealth and they chose a garden house, designed by Robert Adam, as the focal point of Mrs Child’s Flower Garden, and an American garden. A Temple of Pan with stunning views of the great meadow was added, a meadow which has never been ploughed or fertilised and is a permanent haven for wild flowers. 



As well as faithfully recreating the past in the Long Walk, Flower Garden and Garden House, Andy has added some splendid modern touches. The Tudor walled garden is now a potager with a difference. There are four, huge, monumental vegetable plots. The garden obelisks are lime yellow instead of the traditional dark green and the vegetables have escaped from ordered rows and cascade into one another, showing off their red foliage and orange pumpkins. Rainbow chard, Italian heirloom beans and dahlias compete with one another in a riot of colour, usually associated with a traditional cottage garden. Is there a gardening award for such a show? There ought to be if there isn’t.

    

Andy and his team of two gardeners and dedicated volunteers are kept busy at Osterley. A winter garden has been planted as well as the Diamond Jubilee wood. In the past year they have lost 40 trees to the winds: logs lie sadly next to the flower beds. 70 arrangements of cut flowers grace the tables and sideboards of the house every week. The cut flowers will be on sale to the public this year, alongside the many heritage varieties of plants. Last year one modest polytunnel helped them to raise £6000 in plant sales – and the polytunnel itself is a work of art and joy to behold. Trained by two German assistants, who were originally employed by Vita Sackville West at Sissinghurst, Andy learned from them the art of using every inch of space in the polytunnel.




The climbing roses had just been clipped and pruned for next summer when I visited and their winter outline against the brick wall is worth keeping as an example of how to bend and shape a rose for maximum blooms in June. Visit in June as part of the Open Garden Squares Weekend and you will be able to smell and admire them as well as visiting the lake, working farm, and, of course, the tea shop in the stables.





Information on visiting Osterley on Open Garden Squares Weekend »